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Blood groups

The blood groups are determined by antigens on the surface of RBCs; more than 400 blood groups have been found. The ABO and Rh systems are the 2 most important blood groups, but incompatibilities involving many other blood groups (e.g. Kell, Duffy, Kidd) may cause haemolytic transfusion reactions and/or haemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN).

ABO system:

This blood group system involves naturally occurring IgM anti-A and anti-B antibodies, which are capable of producing rapid and severe intravascular haemolysis of incompatible RBCs

Phenotype Genotype Antigens Antibodies Frequency (%)

O OO None Anti-A and anti-B 44

A AA or AO A Anti-B 45

B BB or BO B Anti-A 8

AB AB A and B None 3

Rh system:

There is a high frequency of development of IgG RhD antibodies in RhD-negative individuals after exposure to RhD-positive red cells
The antibodies formed are of major importance in causing HDN and haemolytic transfusion reactions


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	Blood groups The blood groups are determined by antigens on the surface of RBCs; more than 400 blood groups have been found. The ABO and Rh systems are the 2 most important blood groups, but incompatibilities involving many other blood groups (e.g. Kell, Duffy, Kidd) may cause haemolytic transfusion reactions and/or haemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). ABO system: This blood group system involves naturally occurring IgM anti-A and anti-B antibodies, which are capable of producing rapid and severe intravascular haemolysis of incompatible RBCs Phenotype Genotype Antigens Antibodies Frequency (%) O OO None Anti-A and anti-B 44 A AA or AO A Anti-B 45 B BB or BO B Anti-A 8 AB AB A and B None 3 Rh system: There is a high frequency of development of IgG RhD antibodies in RhD-negative individuals after exposure to RhD-positive red cells The antibodies formed are of major importance in causing HDN and haemolytic transfusion reactions
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